下一代用于空间机构的 MoS₂ 基固体润滑剂：涂层设计、环境稳定性、摩擦学机理与可靠性

MoS₂ is the most flight-proven solid lubricant for spacecraft mechanisms, yet its performance depends on how the film is deposited, what it experiences on the ground before launch, and the environment in which it finally operates. Work published between 2020 and 2026 has shifted from selecting a lubricant to designing the complete tribological system, in which chemistry, coating architecture, microstructure, the substrate interface, environmental history, tribofilm evolution and mission lifetime are treated as linked variables. This review sets that work against the established understanding of MoS₂ lubrication: shear-induced basal orientation, transfer-film formation, and the separate roles of adsorbed water and oxidation. Sputtered, bonded, burnished, cold-sprayed and ALD-derived films are covered, together with metal- and fluoride-doped coatings, oxide- and h-BN-modified bonded systems, carbon-based and WC multilayer designs, polymer composites and textured substrates. Recent head-to-head comparisons show that the benefit of a given dopant depends on the test conditions. The effects of vacuum, storage humidity, temperature extremes, thermal cycling, atomic oxygen, protons, UV radiation and lunar dust are then assessed, and ground-based atomic oxygen studies are compared with a one-year exposure of MoS₂-Au films in low Earth orbit aboard the China Space Station. The Galileo high-gain antenna failure shows why storage history belongs in the definition of the mission environment. The main gaps concern standardisation, multi-environment and long-duration testing, the humidity-storage paradox, scale-up and mechanistic understanding. The review closes with adaptive coatings, gradient multilayers, self-replenishing systems, machine-learning-assisted design and digital-twin reliability, all of which are still at an early stage.