HAp 与天然骨矿物相的化学相似性和生物活性，使基于 HAp 的表面工程成为增强骨科植入物生物功能和界面性能的有趣研究领域。本综述批判性地审视了 HAp 基复合体系与表面工程路径，以建立材料成分、加工条件、微观组织演变、涂层-基体界面特征与生物医学性能之间的协同关系。在溶胶-凝胶、浸涂、旋涂、磷酸钙沉积、热/等离子喷涂、氧化物基复合涂层、抗菌涂层及其他表面改性方法等所有常规涂层技术中，基于以下标准对方法进行比较研究：结合力、孔隙率、相稳定性、耐蚀性、耐磨性、生物活性、力学完整性以及对复杂植入体几何形状的适用性。特别关注微波辅助熔覆与微波混合加热，如受感器辅助能量传递、热暴露、界面扩散、凝固行为和梯度微观组织发展。目前只有少数实验室规模的微波辅助 HAp 熔覆研究，且均为直接相关文献。在所研究的加工条件下，已报道的研究中识别出扩散/冶金界面以及枝晶或胞状复合结构，但相关定量证据仍不够全面，无法就相对于常规加工路线的优越性得出普遍结论。需要解决的问题包括对工艺窗口的敏感性、设备的加热行为、涂层缺陷与残余孔隙率、HAp 相稳定性、可重复性、放大以及复杂植入体几何形状的加工。还讨论了其他未来方向，如功能化
The chemical similarity and bioactivity of HAp with the mineral phase of natural bone make HAp-based surface engineering an interesting area for study on enhancing the biological function and interfacial performance of orthopedic implants. This review critically revises the HAp-based composite systems and surface engineering pathways to bring a synergic relationship between material composition, processing conditions, microstructural evolution, coating-substrate interface characteristics and biomedical performance. Among all the conventional coating techniques, such as sol-gel, dip coating, spin coating, calcium phosphate deposition, thermal/plasma spraying, composite coatings based on oxides, antimicrobial coatings, and other surface-modification methods, the methods are comparatively studied based on the following criteria: adhesion, porosity, phase stability, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, bioactivity, mechanical integrity, and suitability for complex implant geometry. Special attention is given to the microwave assisted cladding and microwave hybrid heating, such as susceptor assisted energy transfer, thermal exposure, interfacial diffusion, solidification behavior and graded microstructural development. There are only a few laboratory-scale studies on microwave-assisted HAp cladding, and they are directly related literature. For the investigated processing conditions, diffusion/metallurgical interfaces and dendritic or cellular composite structures were identified during the reported investigations but relevant quantitative evidence is still not comprehensive enough to draw general conclusions about superiority over conventional processing routes. The issues that need to be addressed are the sensitivity to process window, heating behaviour of the equipment, coating defects and residual porosity, HAp phase stability, reproducibility, scaling up, and processing of complex implant geometries. Other future directions are also discussed such as: functionally graded coatings, processing assisted by additive manufacturing, cold spray, suspension plasma spraying, laser directed energy deposition, high entropy coatings, and machine learning assisted process optimization. Specific research priorities discussed in the review include the optimization of microwaves, characterization of interfaces at various scales, real-time monitoring, computational modeling, standardized interface characterization, scale-up and long-term biomedical validation.